MicroL20 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MicroL20 - Essay Example b. A case of a decent with a positive externality is involved lodging. Absolutely, the people housed advantage from asylum, security, and a capacity to sort out their lives and families in a manner that would not likely be practical in the event that they were destitute. Proprietors appreciate rents (verifiable if the property is proprietor involved) on the home. These are essentially private advantages. Involved lodging will in general be better kept up, improving neighborhood property estimations) over the long haul and neighborhoods with higher inhabitance rates will in general have lower crime percentages. Both of these are essentially open advantages. A case of a decent with a negative externality is a vehicle with an incredibly noisy sound system. While the audiophile-proprietor may appreciate the experience (a private advantage), the individuals who are compelled to encounter the sound without wanting to are confronted with an annoyance (an open expense). 2. Restraining infras tructures. a. On the off chance that Bart charges $15, at that point he sells a supper for an all out benefit of $10. In the event that he charges $8, he'll sell two suppers for an absolute benefit of $6. In the event that he charges $7, he'll sell three dinners at an all out benefit of $6. It's to Bart's greatest advantage to charge $15.00 and sell a solitary supper. The maker surplus for this situation is $10 and there is no purchaser excess. b. Without cutting edge information on who would follow through on which cost, it would be hard for him to cost separate, yet there are a few techniques he may seek after. One is to organize â€Å"haggling.† If each exchange is arranged, it is conceivable that those ready to follow through on a greater expense may be convinced to leave behind more money for a similar feast than a less very much financed client (however this expands exchange costs). It may likewise be workable for Bart to make classifications of clients, through a limit ing system, which would make it almost certain that those ready to pay more would spend more. He may make three cosmetically unique, however basically comparable, suppers (however this pushes the limits of the reason, since the dinners would never again be the equivalent). In a perfect world, he would have the option to sell three dinners, one each for $15, $8 and $7. In all actuality, with defective data, he'd likely not do this well. c. Bart would have the option to sell three suppers, one each for $15, $8 and $7. The maker surplus will be $15 and there will be no shopper overflow. d. In the event that every one of the three suppers were bought by one individual, it would be hard for Brad to cost separate, with the exception of, maybe, by the utilization of rebate cards or some comparative gadget that should have been introduced after requesting or paying. Accepting he was unable to cost segregate and the shoppers introduced a unified, three suppers or nothing front, we would expe ct three dinners sold at $7 each. e. On the off chance that there were another café around, it would be considerably more hard for Bart to cost segregate. He would need to rely upon components, for example, advertise contact, client dedication or area inclination (i.e., Bart's café is simpler to get to) or plot with his rival to keep up some level of restraining infrastructure power in the event that he needed to keep on valuing segregate. As the quantity of contenders expanded the circumstance would progressively take after an ideal rivalry model and Bart would turn into a value taker. f. It would be hard to viably cost separate

Architecture and History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design and History - Essay Example In this way, the San Francisco Public Library stays to be perhaps the best case of advanced engineering, which is normal for the most creative period, the Renaissanceperiod, through its fundamental highlights, for example, the sections, the curves, the evenness and so forth. The San Francisco Public Library is fundamentally a urban structure, which implies it was predominantly worked in light of people in general. Hence, instead of simply furnishing a spot with â€Å"a stack, a counter and a table† that characterize ‘library’ for certain individuals, Kelham went the additional mile and transformed the region of over 375000 square feet into a compositional ecstasy (Allen â€Å"photo_2_12_†). The difficult work that went behind its building are demonstrated from the sheer excellence of the library both as far as its outside just as inside plan. The library is worked in the metro place, which is situated at the core of the San Francisco City, and is along thes e lines effectively open to the overall population. As the structure discovers its foundations in the Italian Renaissance, it turns out to be evident that it takes motivation from old Roman and Greek engineering. Albeit a significant part of the engineering and plan of old civic establishments was lost because of the hazards of time, their remains held the fundamental highlights of structuring and this is the thing that formed the renaissance design. The primary highlights of structures having a place with that period incorporate balance, utilization of segments just as curves and arches. These highlights can be principally followed back to the Roman Coliseum, which was a performance center just as an arena all in one.It was a city building, which for the most part focused on the amusement of the ruler and yet, the open as well. Along these lines, it might be likewise seen as a business assembling too as the benefit created from the passage expenses predominantly goes to the ruler. Be that as it may, as time passed by the public’s revere moved from the ruler tothat of the divine beings and strict convictions. It very well may be seen that the utilization of the community structures transformed from that of amusement to strict purposes. In this manner, later on these credits became to be progressively utilized in the development of strict landmarks. Through this progress in the use of the structures, it really made the old building reference progressively noteworthy as during that time it was religion that managed people in general. In this way, the previously mentioned characteristicswere seen to be generally present in the houses of worship developed in the Italian Renaissance period.These places of worship had curves agent through a unified entryway just as lines of windows. This equivalent ascribe is natural for the San Francisco Public Library with its angled entryways and windows. In any case, the library has its own style as in it additionally con tains rectangular windows on the highest floor. Then again, these highlights were additionally present in old Greek remains of sanctuaries, which were obviously, worked for strict purposes. For instance, the sanctuaries worked in Athens and other such zones essentially included the utilization of segments and entablature that comprised of architrave, frieze and cornice. Also, segments, which were a significant piece of these strict structures, were predominantly of three sorts, in particular, the Doric, Ionic and Tuscan. On investigation of the sections of the San Francisco Public Library, it turns out to be evident that the segments are of the Tuscan request as the segments are not fluted and are essentially plain, and furthermore because of the way that they are based on a roundabout base instead of a rectangular one. Evenness that was a significant trademark

Martin Luther and John Calvin essays

Martin Luther and John Calvin expositions Martin Luther and John Calvin were both significant men to the Reformation in Europe during the Renaissance and past. Albeit both Martin Luther and John Calvin were against the thoughts of the Catholic Church, they had various perspectives on social request and political expert by and large. Martin Luther started the thoughts of the Reformation with his hypothesis of defense by confidence alone, which expressed that one just required confidence in God so as to get into Heaven. Luther censured the Catholic Church for making their own practices or even notions, rather than following exclusively the lessons and practices of the Bible. He guaranteed that solitary two of the seven ceremonies were substantial, the Eucharist and sanctification. Luthers sees on social request went with the pattern of different humanists of the timespan. He had faith in an increasingly significant job of the individual, a thought that varied drastically with those of John Calvin. John Calvin was an extraordinary preservationist, following the lessons of Martin Luther while additionally establishing his own methods of reasoning on social request. Calvin had confidence in fate, the possibility that it is foreordained who will be sent to paradise and who will be sent to damnation. Calvin lived in Geneva for a while, setting its laws and rules for moral conduct. He was exceptionally purpose on keeping Geneva as unadulterated as could be expected under the circumstances. No drinking of liquor, games, moving or other unethical conduct would be allowed. Ladies likewise picked up regard not found in different places in Europe. Men who beat their spouses were seriously rebuffed. In many towns and urban areas what a man did with his better half was his own business; she was viewed as a bit of property. These were the standards all Calvinists were to follow, with exacting submission. Martin Luther and John Calvin held more comparable perspectives on political authority than that of social request. Luther perceived mainstream power as legitimate and called for Christians to follow and comply with the ... <!

The Story of One Hour by Kate Chopin Essay - 1925 Words

The Story of One Hour by Kate Chopin (Essay Sample) Content: Denise DukeComposition and Literature24 June 2014 Cover LetterDear Dr. Rosalie OwensRE: The Story of One Hour by Kate ChopinI have chosen The Story of One Hour by Kate Chopin which was first published in 1894. I chose this work because of the impact of how a very short story can have such a huge literary impact in the short time one reads the book. The story focuses on feminist issues in the 19th century at a time that there was no feminist movements to fight for the oppresses women, yet this are issues that became a big issue in the 20th century. As I researched and wrote this project I realized that readers of a similar work of literature can have very different perceptions of the story. When I first read the story I had my own understanding of the work, but this started to change as I read other literary critics of the same story. I chose the revision option and this changed the essay in the area of perception and interpretation of the story. Initially the first es say explained how Louise gained freedom after realizing her husband was dead. In the revision essay, it further interprets the power of the emotions by using the act of rape, the power of the Holy Spirit and sex. This helped understand the immense power that Louise felt when she realized she was free. The thesis did not shift, but it was more cohesive and stronger through additional emphasis. I focused on additional supporting evidence to explain the rapid change inn emotions of Louise especially when she had the news of the death of her husband. It became easier to explain what the something was in the story. The organization of the story did not change however there were additions to the different sections in order to emphasis the impact of the tone of the short story. The essay clearly shows different perceptions of the short story. The part that was hardest about the writing process of this project was getting different reviews of the story. Many of the reviews were almost sim ilar in the perception of the story. However, proper research on the work ensured that I got the correct peer reviewed sources on the work. The projects strengths were the ability to learn how to critically analyze a work of literature. It made me realize that there are many different types of readers who can interpret the same story in different ways. The project taught me how to adapt the views of literature critics and also readers who have different reviews and perceptions. One may focus on one perception and understanding of a work of literature, but it is important to read other reviews from different literature critics as this enhance the understanding of literature. This project has improved my critical writing skills and ability to review literature.The project did not have many weaknesses; however, at first it was difficult to get comparisons for the project. It is important to learn how to research so that you can get credible peer reviewed sources. I would like the instr uctor to critically analyze the essay and let me know which areas I need to improve. The whole project was a great learning experience in my understanding of Literature. Denise DukeDenise DukeDr. Rosalie OwensComposition and Literature18 May 2014 The Story of One Hour by Kate ChopinThe Story of One Hour by Kate Chopin was first published in 1894. Kate started writing fiction in 1889 and was known for her feminist views in her books. The short story focuses on one hour in the life of Louise Mallard during the times of the Victorian society. The story starts when Louises sister Josephine tells Louise about the death of her husband Brently in a train accident, and the events that follow. Louise is a woman with a bad heart, and dies when she finds out her husband is still alive despite being told that he had died in an accident (Chopin 5). In one hour, Louise goes through a series of varying emotions that make her go into shock and eventually these shocks become lethal in the end. The i mpact of tone in the short story is shocking, ironical and yet cynical. The author shocks readers at the end of the short story and creates a debate on why Louise died. Did Louise die of a heart attack because of her short-lived joy and excitement when she believed her husband was dead? The tone of the story changes drastically from sorrow to joy and to sometimes being ironic or cynical. Louise is told by her sister that her husband has died in a train accident. The sister and Richards are careful about how they break the news due to Louises heart condition because the bad news may kill her. The tone of the story is one of sorrow as Louise cries in her sisters arms. When she returns to her room, she takes time to think about what the death of her husband means. Suddenly she starts to see life from a different perspective from the one she is living. Selina (2009) regards Louises reaction to her husbands death as odd because that is not what other women in the 19th century would r eact to such news. She had always dreaded her life and the news meant that she only had to think of herself. She quickly starts to think of life after the funeral as this is the end of life with a man who did not love her. It will all be over as she will not have any obligations to anyone, and will not have to live an oppressed life. This was indeed freedom something she had never experienced (Selina 216). Deneau (2004) interprets the story through understanding what kind of woman Louise was in order to understand the rapid changes in emotions she underwent in one hour. Is she normal, selfish or egocentric? Different types of readers may perceive Louise in different ways depending on their preconceptions of love and marriage. The question most readers would ask if the sense of freedom that Louise seeks is possible in normal human relationships. Part of the story sounds realistic and clear, but the end suddenly changes the whole impact of the story as it becomes mysterious, puzzling and inexplicable (Deneau 210). Louise has never imagined life without her husband and does not believe that is even a possibility. In Victorian society, women belonged to men, where they were weak and helpless. Women could not survive without their husbands or fathers. The role of the wife in this society was to cook, clean, and give both to children (Mitchell 62). Louise always knew that she would remain married to Brently and would never gain any freedom. The tone of the story changes when Louise suddenly realizes she is free and independent. She no longer belongs to her husband. This thought gets her excited as she desperately tries to fight the feeling of joy. She tries to fight this because feeling this amount of joy and excitement was forbidden in this society. Suddenly she acknowledges all the excitement and joy of freedom and start acting like she is possessed. She sees her life different, free, and full of hope and she unexpectedly utters the word free three times. She say s it over and over again in disbelief. She becomes overwhelmed and begins to pray hoping this feeling will last forever. She realizes that everything around her is very beautiful and suddenly she it dawns on her that she is free. Chopin explains this feeling that Louise has as something (Chopin 2) from the sky that had an immense power over her which makes her view her life from a completely different perceptive. Chopin manages to make this powerful force that overwhelms Louise look like a supernatural force, something out of the ordinary. In a normal situation, if Louise started celebrating her freedom after learning that her husband is dead would have meant that she is a mean, calculating and insensitive woman. It is at this point that Louise meets this powerful something with anxiety, hope and expectation. Deneau (213) explains this encounter as a sexual experience between Louise and this powerful force that overwhelms her as the feeling becomes relaxing and stimulating. The fo rce is so strong that it fee...

Philosophy of Nursing - 679 Words

While the nursing profession has evolved over time to meet the changing needs of people and the health care delivery system, it has remained true to its very core values that continue to inspire nurses to face new challenges, thus rendering them with greater opportunities for growth and development. As a caring profession, nurses were initially regarded as individuals who carried out tedious tasks of maintaining the cleanliness of hospital wards, in addition to reporting to their superiors such as physicians and providing direct patient care. Through the years, the profession has developed and adopted practices that were considered important in advancing the needs of patients within a healthcare setting. The nurses of today offer more than just direct patient care. They play a vital role in pursuing clinical practices that are evidence-based to maximize quality of patient care and promoting health and wellness in the community at large, through prevention and treatment. The nurs ing profession of today is founded on the core values that nurses in the past embodied in their work. It is a dynamic profession, which continues to evolve and provide new and exciting opportunities for future nurses as they face the changing needs of people and society. In the earlier times, the healing of illnesses was based on superstitious beliefs and magical thinking. People from different parts of the world used traditional means to address illnesses, such as the casting away of evilShow MoreRelatedNursing Philosophy Of Nursing727 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction As a nursing student in the BSN program at West Coast University, I have discovered my skills and knowledge to prepare myself on how to be an efficient nurse as well as a nurse that truly cares for the best quality of care given to a patient. I have found some good qualities and insight in the paradigms to a philosophy of caring as a nurse. In this paper I will discuss the four paradigms of nursing which includes: Health, Nursing, Client/Person, and Environment. As a nurse, one mustRead MoreNursing Philosophy : Nursing And Nursing Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages Nursing Philosophy Nursing philosophy is defined as a nurse or students thought of what they believe to be true about the nature of the profession of nursing and to provide a base for nursing practice. (2016, para.1) The nursing field continues to develop into a professional scope of practice and nurses continue to work to develop a high standard for the profession. The values and skills that nurses’ learn as they care for patients continue to develop into rules and regulations for future nursesRead Morenursing philosophy1276 Words   |  6 Pages Nursing Philosophy: My Nursing Abstract Philosophy is a system of beliefs, it is often looked at as an effort to define nursing situations that is observed to exist or happen and serves as the basis for later theoretical formulations. Florence Nightingale the first nurse theorist, philosophy states that nursing is establishing and environment that allows persons to recover from illness. Nursing has four metaparadigms the client, the environment, health and nursing. MetaparadigmsRead MoreNursing Philosophy1001 Words   |  5 PagesNURSING PHILOSOPHY, 1 NURSING PHILOSOPHY NURSING PHILOSOPHY, 2 Nursing philosophy Definitions Philosophy Philosophies encompass a multitude of value statements and beliefs. 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Throughout this paperRead MoreNursing Philosophy784 Words   |  4 PagesNursing philosophy â€Å"identifies what is believed to be the basic or central phenomena of the discipline, relates nursing to a particular world view, and provides some information on how one may come to learn about the world†. (p. 13, Salsberry, 2008). My personal philosophy of nursing evolved over the years and includes my observations, beliefs, thoughts, and practices. The purpose of this paper is to discuss my personal philosophy of nursing and the personal and professional experiences that haveRead MoreNursing Philosophy1373 Words   |  6 PagesNursing Philosop hy Ayesha Muhammad Alcorn State University July 27, 2010 Nursing Philosophy Nursing is more than just simply a career. Nursing is a calling from a higher power. I chose to be a nurse for several different reasons. My uncle was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer in (date). 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Dehumanization and Freedom in Narrative of the Life of...

Dehumanization and Freedom in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass The issue of slavery in antebellum America was not black and white. Generally people in the North opposed slavery, while inhabitants of the South promoted it. However, many people were indifferent. Citizens in the North may have seen slavery as neither good nor bad, but just a fact of Southern life. Frederick Douglass, knowing the North was home to many abolitionists, wrote his narrative in order to persuade these indifferent Northern residents to see slavery as a degrading practice. Douglass focuses on dehumanization and freedom in order to get his point across. Frederick Douglass emphasizes the dehumanization aspect of slavery throughout his†¦show more content†¦Today almost all children grow up knowing their parents. It is a crime to take children away from their parents under most circumstances. Reflecting back to slave times, taking the slave children away from their parents is dehumanizing to the parents and children. Douglass uses these descriptions in his narrative to convey how poorly slaves were treated. He never really finds out who his father is, but knows he could have been the master, regardless Douglass knows no matter whom his father is, he would still be a slave. Douglass also carves the vivid picture of dehumanization into the readers minds when he writes about the whippings slaves endure. When Douglass is a young boy, he witnesses for the first time a slave getting whipped, he took her into the kitchen, and stripped her from neck to waist, leaving her neck, shoulders, and back entirely naked. He made her get upon the stool, and tied her hands to the hook. Douglass hides in a closet, thinking that he would be the next victim. This is Douglasss first encounter with the extreme cruelty of slaveholders. She now stood fair for his infernal purpose...after soon rolling up his sleeves, he commenced to lay on the heavy cowskin, and soon the warm, red blood (amid heart-rending shrieks from her, and horrid oaths from him) came dripping to the floor (Douglass 42). As it turns out, the slaveShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Frederick Douglass s The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick 1306 Words   |  6 Pagesneither good nor bad, but just part of Southern life going on for hundreds of years. Frederick Douglass, a slave who had escaped to the North, after years of abuse through slavery, knew that in order to stop slavery, he had to persuade all the people in the North to vehemently oppose it as much as he did himself. Through the â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†, which he published in 1845, Douglass focuses on the process of dehumanization he and thousands of others went through while beingRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglas1674 Words   |  7 Pagespopular in the southern states, among these slaves, one slave in particular impacted the 19th century was Frederick Douglass. Although he was a slave for most of his life, Douglass eventually became a freeman, a social reform, writer, and an abolitionist for slavery. However, before he became a freeman, Douglass experienced a brutal life as a slave. He faced dehumanization in his early life, but accomplished what mos t slaves we not allowed to do; which is getting educated, by self-educating himselfRead MoreEssay on Frederick Douglas1606 Words   |  7 PagesPaper on Frederick Douglass In the 1800s, slavery was a predominant issue in the United States, one that most Americans in the South dealt with daily. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass reveals much about American history during the time of slavery as well as expounds arguments for the abolition of slavery. As a historical document, it conveys information about the slave family, work, the master-slave relationship, and the treatment and living conditions of slaves. As an antislaveryRead MoreDehumanization Of Slavery In Frederick Douglasss Narrative Of Life1354 Words   |  6 PagesStates emphasizes freedom vs. emphasizing the very real existence of chattel slavery. The issue of slavery in America was not as easily thought as black and white. Mostly, people in the North were opposed to slavery, while the South promoted it. However, many people were indifferent. People in the North could see slavery as neither good nor bad, instead a way of Southern life. Frederick Douglass, knowing the North was ho me to lots of abolitionists, wrote his narrative â€Å"Narrative of Life† in order to showRead MoreAnalysis Of Frederick Douglass Narrative1597 Words   |  7 PagesFrederick Douglass’ Narrative serves as an influential text which provides detailed examples of how slavery allowed a country and a government to justify the brutal dehumanization and oppression of an entire race of people. Using personal experience, Douglass explains how the slave institution not only dehumanized himself, but also how the process affected other slaves and the slaveowners as well. Douglass relies on a strong imagery relating back to animals to show this dehumanization process, whichRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life1516 Words   |  7 PagesGrant Sumner Dr. Wiewora History 101 04/25/2017 Frederick Douglass To Douglass, freedom is more than merely freedom from the lash and cruel conditions. It also encompasses intellectual and emotional freedom. He sees that true freedom exists in the ability to read and reason and is a mental state; Douglass feels that slavery is not only a practice, but a mindset maintained through those practices. In Douglass’s Narrative of the Life, he maintains that slavery is an abhorrent practice that strips theRead MoreDeep In The Forest Of Frederick Douglass’S Autobiography,1034 Words   |  5 Pagesforest of Frederick Douglass’s autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, the caged bird sings on. The singing slaves in Douglass’s narrative are the caged birds of Maya Angelou’s famous poem, filling the air around them with desire: desire for a freedom so far out of reach—for â€Å"things unknown but longed for still.† In his narrative, Douglass expresses incredulity at the fact that onlookers could hear anything but the deepest sadness in these slave songs. Writes Douglass, â€Å"I haveRead MoreDehumanization In Frederick Douglass1795 Words   |  8 Pagesfurther increased the usage and value of slaves. Slaves were life-time, unpaid laborers who usually worked and lived in unsafe condition. In the early 19th century, the Northern states had already abolished slavery and were considered â€Å"free† states whereas the Southern states beginning from Maryland were considered â€Å"slave† states. In A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass highlighted a prominent, reoccurring theme of dehumanization in slavery by demonstrating the methods of dehumanizingRead MoreDehumanization Of Frederick Douglass1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dehumanization of Slaves and the Black Race of People in America, as Portrayed in the Autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an d the Television Show Roots   Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the beginning of American history, the black race has been the inferior race during times of slavery and times of freedom for black people. They have had to fight to be seen as legitimate first-class citizens, whether that be through slave uprisings in the pre-civil war era, the civil rights movement in the mid-1900’sRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass : An American Slave1386 Words   |  6 Pagespsychological abuse, this â€Å"tumor† tortured every struggling people from day to night. As the insight of a dark history, Frederick Douglass’s â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave† demonstrates the dehumanization of an inhuman society and how slavery could make a man be a salve and make another man be an enslaver and how he resisted this dehumanization. In eighteen and nineteen centuries, the physical abuse which commonly were whipping, shackling, beating, mutilation, branding

Netw4 free essay sample

Netw410 Week 1Report The first objective in the LAN Modeling tutorial is Setting Up the Scenario. The final step in setting up your scenario appears below. 1. (30 points) Once your project is created (after Step 6 above), your workspace will contain a map of the United States. Your project and scenario name can be seen in ITGuru’s top window border in the form of Project: Scenario: . Capture a screenshot of your new project workspace that clearly shows your project and scenario name, and paste it below. 2.(40 points) In college-level paragraph(s), describe how background traffic affects both e-mail data and VoIP data. INTRODUCTION In this week’s lab exercise, we had the opportunity to create a network simulation from the ground up using OpNet IT Guru. The purpose of the exercise was to gain familiarity with OpNet functions along with network objects and associated behavior based on the configuration of network variables. Some of these objects include Application Definitions, Profile Definitions, Subnets, and the various means of connecting these components in a topology. The lab exercise itself provided a foundation for creating a simulated environment that was focused on evaluating the impact of background link load on FTP traffic. After creating the initial simulation environment, we were able to validate the configuration by matching output data for FTP performance with the reference data provided in the iLab instructions document. The graphs below illustrate the student lab configuration findings compared with the iLab reference graphs. The graphs, while not an exact match, provide enough similarity to validate the student simulation environment. Point to Point Utilization (reference) Figure 2 Point to Point Utilization (student) BACKGROUND LINK LOAD Impact on Email Traffic After validating the simulation environment is correctly configured, the iLab Report Instructions ask us how background load affects network performance as it relates to email traffic and voice traffic. In order to assess this impact, it was necessary to add email and voice services to the Profile Configuration and the server named FTP located in the Washington DC subnet. The graphs below illustrate the impact of background load on point to point throughputgt; and point to point utilization for the back_load and no_back_load scenarios. The data in these charts is reflective of using the predefined Email(heavy) application profile metric. Figure 3 – Email Point to Point Throughput (bits/sec) Figure 4 Email Pont to Point Utilization It’s clear that background load has a significant impact on link throughput and utilization. The simulation without background loading remains steady and relatively flat with throughput at roughly 2Kbps and link utilization at under 5%. When background load is added, we see a marked upward trend in utilization and throughput early in the simulation that keeps with our scheme of incrementally ramping up background load from 19,200 to 32,000 during the first 8 minutes, followed by a less pronounced continued upward trend over the remainder of the simulation. Link throughput begins to stabilize at just over 30kbps late in the simulation, while link utilization approaches 50%. Interestingly, we see a sharp drop in email download response time during the first seconds of both scenarios even as background load is ramping up at the same time. However, both scenarios flatten out to a more consistent level as the simulation progresses. The background load simulation stabilizes at roughly 1. 4 seconds for email download response time while the no background simulation settles at about . 7 seconds (see graph below). Figure 5 Email Download Response Time (sec) BACKGROUND LINK LOAD Impact on Voice Traffic As with the FTP and email simulations, the topology was updated to include Voice Over IP (PCM Quality) followed by running new simulations for both scenarios. In this run, we continue to look at point to point throughput? and point to point utilization?. Additionally, we measured packet end to end delay (seconds). Without the use of other voice configuration metrics such as codec selection and quality of service for voice packets, in either scenario voice over IP fails as a result of the high packet delay. The chart below illustrates that the no background load simulation provides better performance for voice packets with an average delay of about 7 seconds. Alternatively, the simulation including background load produced an average packet delay of roughly 8 seconds. Figure 6 Voice Packet End to End Delay (sec) When looking at link utilization metrics, on the other hand, there does not appear to be a significant difference between the background load simulation and the no background load simulation. Figure 7 below indicates that, with the exception of the simulation startup being pre-loaded with 19,200 kbps in background load, both scenarios show a sharp ramp up over the first 8 minutes before leveling off at just over 60kbps. Link utilization, illustrated in figure 8, produced similar results in terms of the trend lines between the two scenarios. Both ramp up sharply over the first several minute and begin to level off as the link utilization approaches 100%. With utilization so high, it’s clear that this particular implementation is not optimized for convergence. Voice services alone would consume all available bandwidth between East Coast sites making it impossible to support email and FTP services concurrently. Figure 7 Point to Point Throughput (bits/sec) Figure 8 Point to Point Utilization CONCLUSION Beginning with the initial lab exercise of comparing throughput and link utilization for FTP stabilized at roughly 10% of capacity while adding background load resulted in a peak utilization of about 55%. Similarly, link throughput for email remained under 5kbps and 5% link utilization with no background load present while spiking up to nearly 50% of link capacity when background load is added. Finally, we learned that there is still some optimization work that needs to be done in order for this topology to be ready for convergence. Both scenarios resulted in nearly 100% link utilization when voice over IP was the only supported service. In any event, it’s clear that background load has a significant impact on the user experience based on download response times as well as efficient use of available link bandwidth.